REFERENCES Vkt
Abbeglen, James. 1953. Japanese Factory Aspects of its Social Organization. Glencoe Free Press. Adler, Nancy J. 1983a. Cross-Cultural Management Research The Ostrich and the Trend. Academy of Management Review 8 2 226-232. --1983b. Organizational Development in a Multicultural Environment. Journal of Applied --1986. International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior Boston Kent Publishing. Austin, Lewis, ed. 1976. Japan, the Paradox of Progress. New Haven Yale University Press. Azumi, Koya....
People with Disabilities
People with physical disabilities shintai shogaisha and mental illnesses seishin sho-gaisha may also be considered insider minorities. Although the category of the disabled is very broad, covering many people who may not share any sense of common identity, others may perceive various disparate individuals and groups as all being of a kind. Japanese may conceive of certain disabled as occupying a threshold between realms. Itinerant blind shamisen performers of Tsugaru see De Ferranti 2000...
Recent Debates A Case Study
In this section, in order to highlight the debates that are going on among Koreans in Japan and which reflect the differentiated and often irreconcilable positions of individual Korean thinkers, I shall look at two recent works by Korean scholars in Japan. Suh Kyung Sik is the younger brother of Suh Sung and Suh Jun Sik, the two Korean former students from Japan who were accused of being North Korean spies and jailed for more than a decade, from the 1970s through the 1980s, under the South...
Kimono Dressing as Shaping the Japanese Model of Beauty and Femininity
Kimono dressing can best be described as a series of correcting, binding, and packaging. Hendry 1993 73-74 writes, ''Japanese kimonos, perhaps more than any other garments, are literally 'wrapped' around the body, sometimes in several layers, like the gifts, and they are secured in place by sashes, with a wide obi to complete the human parcel.'' The girls being produced by the experts for the coming-of-age ceremony can indeed be seen as ''parcels'' or as packaged products of the vast industry...
Suggested Reading 1
Kelly, William. 2002. At the Limits of the New Middle-Class Japan Beyond Mainstream Consciousness. In Social Contracts Under Stress The Middle Classes of America, Europe, and Japan at the Turn of the Century. Olivier Zunz, Leonard Schoppa, and Nobuhiro Hirowatari, eds. pp. 232-254. New York Russell Sage. Turner, Christina. 1995. Japanese Workers in Protest An Ethnography of Consciousness and Experience. Berkeley University of California Press. A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan Edited by...
Representing Events
The third step of nenpyo-making is to compose and edit the phrases necessary to describe an event. Owing to the limited space allowed by the timeline format, a very concise ''caption'' is required. The Action Group's nenpyo group spent a great deal of time and energy checking the format and style of writing, and the choice of words. It was also faced with the task of translating visual images into written text. For instance, the group lodged a protest against two posters circulated in 1991 by...
Bricolage Redux
Benedict's ahistorical and homogenizing portrait of''the Japanese'' has been complicated over the past two decades by the proliferation in the number of both dominant and marginal sites, situations, and actors including the ethnographer , in part due to theoretical attention in anthropology to such matters of late. Consequently, the archetypal peasant of Embree's Suye Mura is now many ethnographic subjects, including weekday white-collar worker and weekend farmer local tourist attraction and...
Nikkeijin
Nikkeijin literally, ''sun-line people,'' referring to people of Japanese ancestry who have resided all or much of their lives outside of Japan are concentrated mostly in the Americas. Brazil has the largest Nikkeijin population at over 1.2 million Centro de Estudos Nipo-Brasileiro 1990 . There are substantial populations in the US and Peru, and a smaller number in Bolivia, Mexico, Paraguay, and Argentina. The emigration to Hawaii and the west coast migration to Brazil started in 1908 when the...
Joshua Hotaka Roth
This chapter looks specifically at ''insider minorities,'' those whose difference is of a sort that currently does not deny their Japanese-ness in the eyes of other Japanese, as opposed to the ''outsider'' minorities discussed by Sonia Ryang chapter 7 in this volume , who are considered foreign despite their residence within Japan. Most surveys of minorities in Japan have focused on ethnic minorities, such as the indigenous Ainu and the Okinawans, with the Burakumin the only non-ethnic group to...
REFERENCES Nur
Brinton, Mary C. 1993. Women and the Economic Miracle Gender and Work in Postwar Japan. Berkeley University of California Press. Dalby, Lisa. 1993. Kimono Fashioning Culture. New Haven and London Yale University Press. Dale, Peter. 1986. The Myth of Japanese Uniqueness. London Croom Helm. Goldstein-Gidoni, Ofra. 1997. Packaged Japaneseness Weddings, Business and Brides. Honolulu Hawaii University Press. Hendry, Joy. 1993. Wrapping Culture Politeness, Presentation, and Power in Japan and Other...
Fashioning Cultural Identity Body and Dress
Goldstein-Gidoni explores the centrality of distinctions in dress in the construction of Japanese cultural identity. Modern Japanese wear both Western-style clothing yofuku and Japanese-style attire wafuku , although the latter is worn mainly on ceremonial occasions. She considers the dynamic process of the construction of gendered cultural identities in modern Japan through both a historic perspective and present-day ethnography, looking closely at the gendered effects created through clothing...
Theorizing the Cultural Importance of Play Anthropological Approaches to Sports
Edwards notes that, paralleling trends in the United States and Europe, the discipline of physical anthropology in Japan was a central force in the late 19th-century development of physical education programs and influenced the character of sporting practices. She provides a sense of the questions and interests that have fueled anthropological explorations of sport and recreation in Japan, and underscores the social scientific roots of modern athletics, highlights the political and ideological...
Japanese Archaeology and Cultural Properties Management Prewar Ideology and
Edwards explains how, as part of Japanese efforts at modernization, the adoption of Western academic disciplines in the late 19th century included the introduction of scientific archaeology. Early cultural properties management policies had a strong ideological component, in large part a consequence of the symbolic importance placed on the imperial institution, taken to be a source of pride for the nation in the modern world due to its ''unique continuity from an ancient and divine origin.''...
Gendered Dress Regulations and Modern Inventions in the Meiji Period
When modern Japanese refer to Japanese attire wafuku , they refer to kimono. Literally, the word kimono simply denotes something to wear however, while in premodern Japan it included various styles of everyday as well as festive clothing Yanagida 1957 11 , in modern Japan only one mode has remained. The modern kimono stems from the decorative festive clothing worn by the elite on special occasions Dalby 1993 139 . The shift to a single-mode kimono was coupled with the almost total neglect, as...
NOTES Akp
This chapter was first presented under the title ''Feminism as Chronology The Place of Timelines Nenpyo in Women's History'' at the Association for Asian Studies AAS Annual Meeting 2003, ''Tropics of History Genealogical Forces and Fictions in East Asia'' panel. See also Edwards 2003 and Robertson 2003 for relevant and related discussions of history- 2 See chapter 13 in this volume. 3 The Miss Tokyo contest was first held in 1966, and has been held every year until today. The event is funded by...
Shifting Contours of Class and Status
Roberts looks critically at the contours of class and status in Japan, focusing in particular on the rise of egalitarianism in the postwar era and the manifestations of social class through the lens of gender. She argues that we need more research on the ways in which gender and ethnicity inform social class practices. The contours of class and status in Japan appear to be shifting away from a large ''middle-mass'' toward a more polarized society, characterized by less job stability even for...
REFERENCES Gte
Benedict, Ruth. 1946. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Boston Houghton Mifflin. Chung, Daekyun. 2001. Zainichi kankokujin no shuen The End of Koreans in Japan . Tokyo Bungei Shunjusha. Cumings, Bruce. 1981. The Origins of the Korean War, vol. 1 Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes 1945-1948. Princeton Princeton University Press. Field, Norma. 1993. Beyond Envy, Boredom, and Suffering Towards an Emancipatory Politics for Resident Koreans and Other Japanese. positions 1 3 640-670....
Preserving Moral Order Responses to Biomedical Technologies
Lock emphasizes that a consideration of the ways in which the body is represented and managed in health and illness provides insights into how subjectivity, self and other, mind and body, the individual and society, are commonly conceptualized in any given society. She employs ethnographic data from Japan, combined with an analysis of relevant texts in connection with death and dying, terminal care, organ transplants, and new reproductive technologies, to show how widely shared values and...
Good Wife Wise Mother The Cultivation of Form
A kimono school owner summarized the experience of donning a kimono in the following words When you wear kimono it reaches your feelings, it enlarges your mind and makes you calm even if you want to run you cannot. You have to move in a natural way. So, if the feelings become calm so are your thoughts. Even if something bad is done to you, you do not react immediately, you think first before you act. A Japanese woman like this guarded the Japanese household ie . I would like the young women to...
Japanese Folklore Yuki Onna Edu
Akamatsu, Chij , and Takashi Akiba. 1937-38. Chosen fuzoku no kenkyu Study on Korean Shamanism . Osakaya-shogo-shoten. --1941. Manmo shominzoku no minzoku to shakai Ethnic Groups and Culture in Manchuria and Mongolia . Osakaya-shoten. Ayabe, Tsuneo, ed. 1988. Bunkajinruigaku gunzo, Nihon Japanese Cultural Anthropologists . Tokyo Academia. British Association for the Advancement of Science ed. 1912. Notes and Queries on Anthropology. London Royal Anthropological Institute. Durkheim, Emile. 1912....
Academic Archaeology and Cultural Properties Policy
After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan embarked upon a program of modernization that witnessed the rapid implementation of new systems of government, defense, and education. Included in the latter were modern universities, where Euro-American academic instruction was offered in the natural sciences, medicine, jurisprudence, and the liberal arts. In time these developments also led to the introduction ofacademic archaeology, still a relatively new discipline in Europe and the United States....
Burakumin
The Burakumin literally, hamlet people minority does not have any racial or linguistic characteristics that mark them off from the ''mainstream'' Japanese population. Scholars have most often applied the cultural perspective of purity and pollution to explain the Burakumin. The Burakumin traditionally have worked as tanners, butchers, undertakers, cleaners of latrines, caretakers of the sick, and in other occupations which were considered polluting because of their association with death and...
The Rural Imaginary Landscape Village Tradition
Schnell writes that, although Japan has become a highly urbanized and cosmopolitan society, its culture is still perceived as being heavily rooted in the agrarian -and specifically rice paddy - traditions of its rural villages. The privileging of rice production as cultural exemplar, however, serves to both obscure and discredit a number of alternative traditions, such as those of mountain communities where the land is too rugged for growing rice. Many rural communities have turned to local...
The Effects of Imperial Ideology on Prewar Archaeology
The attention which thus came to be focused on cultural properties in general, including archaeological sites and finds, also had a strong political component regarding materials of the Kofun period the great burial mounds which gave that period its name had been pressed into service by the modern state. To see how this was so, we must look first at the historic significance of these monuments in their original context, and their treatment up through the Meiji period. The late third century...
Hibakusha
Hibakusha atomic bomb victims are another minority group, who, like Burakumin, are not distinguishable from other Japanese by either phenotypic or linguistic characteristics. The category of hibakusha often refers just to those people who were either killed or who suffered medical problems as a result of the atomic bombs that the United States dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Early estimates of the numbers killed in these two cities were roughly 70,000 in Hiroshima and 25,000 in Nagasaki....
Glenda S Roberts
Japanese people often characterize Japan as a ''classless'' society, wherein the majority of people identify themselves as churyu, or mid-stream. From a distance, they most certainly look so. With high per capita incomes, social welfare ''safety nets'' such as unemployment insurance, pension systems, a national health insurance system, and long-term care insurance for the infirm elderly, the populace seems comfortable. Urban housing is mixed there are no ''gated communities'' for wealthier...
Ainu
Unlike most of the other ''insider minorities'' discussed above, the Ainu had a distinctive language, clothing, material culture, social organization, and phenotypic features that set them apart from mainland Japanese. Some Japanese archaeologists consider the Ainu to preserve essences of a Jomon-period 10,000-300 B.C.E. heritage Howell 1996 174-175 see also Hudson 1999 McCormack 1996 277 . The Ainu today reside primarily in the large northern island of Hokkaido. They were pushed to the...
The ComingofAge Ceremony
Since World War II the coming-of-age day has been a national holiday. Celebrated on January 15, schools, municipalities, and other social institutions hold public ceremonies called seijin shiki the coming-of-age ceremony symbolizing the attainment of legal majority of men and women who will reach the age of 20 in the course of that year. However, it seems that in recent years participation in the ceremony itself has certainly not been the main focus of the day it is the attire, and especially...
A New Class Society
In 2000 the popular magazines Bungei shunjii and ChuOokOoron both ran articles on the increasing class-based nature of Japanese society. Bungei shunjis piece was written from the perspective ofthe elite, well-paid salaryman who had followed all the correct social rules only to find they no longer protected him. The article constructed a discourse of ''winners'' versus ''losers.'' The former were internationally savvy and entrepreneurial self-made men, and the latter equally hard-working but...
Conclusion
Nakane Chie has defined cultural anthropology in Japan as a ''new'' discipline that was developed after World War II, and ''ethnology'' as the ''old'' discipline characteristic of the first half of the 20th century Nakane 1974 57 . However, can cultural anthropology and ethnology really be separated in this way When cultural anthropology was being reconstructed in postwar Japan, ethnology was characterized as ''European'' and cultural anthropology as ''American.'' As noted earlier, in Japan...
Sexuality Studies
Perhaps because biological and sociological sex research in Japan was marginalized during the 1920s, repressed during the 1930s and 1940s, kept at a low profile during the 1950s, and for the most part shunned by the academy until the 1980s, anthropological studies of Japan's ''sexual culture'' only caught up and reconnected with the sexual ethnology of the fin de siecle very recently. It was not until the 1990s that Japanese as well as Euro-American scholars rediscovered that sphere of inquiry...
Contents and Configurations
In a way, this book is a study in bricolage even if the individual authors neither utilize that method nor claim to be bricoleurs. Over two years ago, when I was invited to organize and edit this volume, my idea was to treat the book as a whole as a nexus of intersecting forces, ideas, things, and events represented by the vectors formed from the thematic units and constituent chapters. As I wrote in my original proposal to Blackwell, the forces, ideas, things, and events accounted in this...
Genders and Sexualities
Fruhstuck identifies three main trends that have characterized anthropological studies on sex, gender, and sexuality in Japan. Studies on women as Other attempt to bring women's lives into view where previously this had not been pursued as a research objective in its own right. Gender studies since the late 1970s have been based on a feminist understanding of the sex-gender system as consisting of two distinct if intertwined categories of biological characteristics and sociocultural attributes....
The Kimono Takes on the Symbolic Role of Mainly Female Native Dress
The invention of the kimono as a feminine and national dress in modern Japan has been coupled with a larger discourse on the allegedly ''natural'' relationship between the kimono and the Japanese people. Writers like Kiyoyuki Higuchi 1974 find a complete fit between the kimono and Japan's climate, as well as its people's mentality and body type. More generally, the kimono takes on a role in the intensive discourse on Japanese uniqueness, the vast literature usually referred to under the rubric...
REFERENCES Xjw
Aoki, Tamotsu. 1990. Nihonbunkaron no hen'yo sengo nihon no bunka to identity The Transformation of Theories of Japanese Culture'' Culture and Identity in Postwar Japan . Tokyo Chuo Koronsha. Banks, Marcus. 1996. Ethnicity Anthropological Constructions. London Routledge. Befu, Harumi. 1981. Japan An Anthropological Introduction. Tokyo Tuttle. --1990. Four Models of Japanese Society and their Relevance to Conflict. In Japanese Models of Conflict Resolution. S. N. Eisenstadt and Eyal Ben-Ari,...
The Ie Family in Global Perspective
Ochiai places the ie household in the context of global family history and attempts to answer some of the questions raised in previous discussions on the ie and the stem family, including the questions of whether the Japanese ie is a stem family, and whether it can be placed in the same category as a generalized European stem family. Her discussion focuses on regional diversity within Japan, and takes into consideration various aspects of the household system, including size and structure, the...
Changing Patterns of Youth Employment Freeter and Neet
During the 1980s, a new type of worker, termed ''freeter,'' emerged in Japan. ''Freeter'' is a contraction of ''free Arbeiter', and implies a serial part-time worker who only holds part-time jobs or who moves from one job to another. A freeter has no intention of settling down to a serious career, and spends most of his or her time pursuing other interests or just enjoying freedom. According to Kosugi, many young people reject the constraints of being a sarariiman in a corporate society and...
On Fishing Technology and Ritual
One ofthe disconcerting aspects ofworking as a maritime anthropologist in the era of cultural relativism and deconstruction is that the material on fisherfolk around the world so often throws up important similarities. From types of nets used and the way in which knowledge and skills are transmitted to the way in which modern methods are incorporated into traditional fishing techniques and the position of women in fishing villages the similarities are often more numerous than the cultural...
Gender Studies and the Transgression of Woman
Gender studies have introduced an analytically useful distinction between ''sex'' as a signifier of biological characteristics and ''gender'' as a marker of sociocultural attributes. With respect to Japan, while these studies also focus overwhelmingly on women, they more critically examine gender-formation processes in areas ranging from the division of labor institutions that reproduce gender norms, such as families, enterprises, and social welfare settings female and male identities and...
Notes
1 See Lowie 1945 for a portrait of German national character. 2 See also the five-volume series, Studies in the Modernization of Japan, published between 1965 and 1971 by Princeton University Press. For a critique of modernization as ideology, see Latham 2000 . 3 Even those whose geographical areas of specialty were profoundly impacted by Japanese cultural imperialism have tended to overlook or ignore that history. Others, in conversations, have categorically dismissed Japan as...
Anthropology and Marxism Natural History and Religious Studies
What motivated the study of cultural anthropology and ethnology in the interwar period There were three basic influences particular to Japan in this regard, as illustrated by the biographies of interwar anthropologists Marxism, natural history, and religious studies. Marxism is concerned with direct political action. Even anthropologists not deeply concerned with political action such as Oka Masao and Mabuchi Toichi read the classic texts of Marxism as ethnology majors. Their interest was...
History as Flow nagare
Usually, nenpyo appear in a chart-like format, divided into multiple columns. For instance, the Iwanami Japanese History Time Line iwanami nihonshi nenpyo is divided into three categories ''politics and economy,'' ''society and culture,'' and ''the world'' Rekishigaku Kenkyukai 2001 . The Gakken Japanese History Cartoon Timeline gakken nihonshi manga nenpyo for children has three columns ''major events in Japan,'' ''flow of culture'' and ''major events in the world'' Tashiro 1992 . By having...
Popular Entertainment and the Music Industry
Hosokawa presents ''entertainment'' as a vehicle for creation, recreation, and socialization that encompasses numerous issues, including cultural agency and collective sensibility. As a cultural institution, entertainment consists of production teams, products, and audiences. Hosokawa deals mainly with the cultural history of popular music since the Meiji period 1868-1912 , and emphasizes the interplay of reproductive and audiovisual technologies, the entertainment industry and popular...
REFERENCES Vvk
Allison, Anne. 2000 1996 . Permitted and Prohibited Desires Mothers, Comics, and Censorship in Japan. Berkeley University of California Press. Becker, Joseph E. de. 1905 1899 . The Nightless City, or The History of the Yoshiwara Yukaku. Yokohama and London no publisher given. Bernstein, Gail. 1983. Haruko's World A Japanese Farm Woman and her Community. Berkeley University of California Press. Buckley, Edmund. 1895. Phallicism in Japan. Chicago University of Chicago Press. Buckley, Sandra, ed....
Wartime Uses of Ethnology The Institute of Ethnology
In the late 1930s the Japanese government reorganized academic activities as part of its preparation for the possibility of a full-scale war. Information on the frontier districts of Japan's empire was urgently needed and ethnology was perceived as an important instrument in procuring it. As noted earlier, Oka Masao headed a group of ethnologists who requested that the Japanese government and the military authorities establish a national research organization in their discipline, and in 1943...
Culinary Culture and the Making of a National Cuisine
Cwiertka sketches the culinary scene of contemporary Japan and provides insight into its historical development during the last century by identifying the forces that molded Japanese culinary culture into its present form. Food is not merely purchased in Japan's omnipresent supermarkets, convenience stores, vending machines, and restaurants, it is also a favorite souvenir and seasonal gift, and frequently appears in religious rituals. Moreover, many Japanese presume that foodways are a...
Introduction The Politics of Naming
In 1995 the Executive Committee of the Japanese Society of Ethnology Nihon minzoku gakkai proposed that the society's name be changed and distributed questionnaires on the subject to its members. The main reason for the name change was that several members had requested that the term ''cultural anthropology'' bunka jinruigaku be used rather than ''ethnology'' minzokugaku . There were heated arguments concerning this proposal at the general meeting that year. Various opinions were aired about...
REFERENCES Dmu
Anesaki, Masaharu. 1933. Art, Life and Nature in Japan. Boston Marshall Jones. Asquith, Pamela J., and Arne Kalland. 1997. Japanese Perceptions of Nature Ideals and Illusions. In Japanese Images of Nature Cultural Perspectives. Pamela J. Asquith and Arne Kalland, eds. pp. 1-35. London Curzon. Befu, Harumi. 1997. Watsuji Tetsuro's Ecological Approach Its Philosophical Foundation. In Japanese Images of Nature Cultural Perspectives. Pamela J. Asquith and Arne Kalland, eds. pp. 106-120. London...
The Discourse Of Japaneseness In Japan And Global Migration Foreign Workers And
Bernstein, Gail. 1983. Haruko's World. Stanford Stanford University Press. Bestor, Theodore. 1989. Neighborhood Tokyo. Stanford Stanford University Press. Brinton, Mary C. 1993. Women of the Economic Miracle Gender and Work in Postwar Japan. Berkeley University of California Press. Broadbent, Kaye. 2000. Shortchanged Part-Time Workers in Japan. Japanese Studies 21 3 293-304. --2001. Power in the Union Part-Time Workers and Enterprise Unionism in Japan. International Journal of Manpower 22 4...
Ancestors Legacies and Adumbrations
Thirty-five years ago, John Bennett 1970 remarked that social research on Japan ''has not yet made significant contributions to social and cultural theory.'' Although Bennett's remark remains relevant, it is not quite accurate. The wartime ethnographies by Japan anthropology ancestors John Embree and Ruth Benedict entered the mainstream of American anthropology where ''Japan'' became a proving ground for debates about the pros and cons of National Character Studies and of the Culture and...