Outline of the volume
This volume includes work by writers who would not define themselves as development anthropologists or anthropologists of development - an editorial decision that signals the interdisciplinarity of development thought since the 18th century, as well as a rich cross-fertilization of anthropological subfields. Works included here thus invite the reader to rethink the history and potential of this key disciplinary specialty. These selections illustrate the vibrancy and centrality of development...
Development Three historical phases
Any periodization of economic or intellectual history is useful primarily as a heuristic tool. Thus we sketch here three historical phases simply to signal some benchmarks in thinking about development.11 In addressing both historical trends and theories - broad global changes and paradigm shifts - we emphasize the latter, with brief suggestions about how historical trends and theories influence one another. Notions of development can be traced back at least to the late-18th-century rise of...
City and countryside
There are three principal reasons why theorists and policy-makers have historically considered the urban and rural dimensions of development to pose distinct challenges. First, terms of trade or the relative prices of industrial and agricultural goods constitute a source of contention in every society no matter how its economy is organized. Second, the always severe and now widening gap between urban and rural standards of living suggests that different development policies may be appropriate...
Toward a new political economy
To repudiate one's theoretical ancestors has been an anthropological tradition since Franz Boas's renunciation of 19th-century evolutionism.33 Yet the precursor paradigms sometimes become caricatures or straw men in contemporary academic turf battles. Such appears to be the case with certain traditions of grand narrative that can be misleadingly equated with political economy broadly defined. Moreover, as Miller notes in his chapter below, one of the main targets of criticism has become not so...
Gender and population
Recent shifts in understanding the gendered dimensions of development are emblematic of civil society's growing influence on policymakers' debates. The ''Women in Development'' WID approach that accompanied the United Nations Decade for Women 1975-85 sought to address ''male bias'' by increasing female access to and participation in development programs much as rural development programs had tried to compensate for ''urban bias'' . By the mid-1990s, however, at the insistence of an increasingly...
Consumption
Anthropology originally drew students to societies marked by the absence of modern consumer goods that signal development see Miller 1995 Ferguson 1997 . Hence the cartoons in ''magazines such as The New Yorker and Punch e.g., with stereotypical natives shown in a panic, accompanied by captions such as 'Put away the radio or television or refrigerator - the anthropologists are coming''' Miller 1995 142 . Economic anthropologists traditionally analyzed production, consumption and distribution in...
From modernization to neoliberalism development to globalization
The modernization paradigm that the dependency theorists attacked had antecedents in Weber and attracted followers in sociology, particularly Talcott Parsons 1937 , Edward Shils 1957 , and Bert Hoselitz 1952 in psychology, where David McClelland 1961 designed a ''need for achievement'' or ''NAch'' scale that purportedly measured an essential attitudinal component of development and in the work of anthropologists such as Manning Nash 1966 and Robert Redfield 1941 , whose ''folk society''...
I Introduction
Development is a matter of life and death. It is both an urgent global challenge and a vibrant theoretical field. Even when anthropologists do not take development as their subject, they often surreptitiously slip assumptions about it into their ethnographies. But named or un-named, development questions lie at the discipline's theoretical and ethnographic core. An anthropologist with an eye on interdisciplinary development studies which are usually dominated by political science and economics...
Development anthropology versus anthropology of development
Again, development anthropology, in contrast to the anthropology of development, has been termed the work of practitioners who actually design, implement or evaluate programs of directed change, especially those intended to alleviate poverty in poor nations.73 The anthropology of development, on the other hand, calls for a radical critique of, and distancing from, the development establishment'' Escobar 1997 498 but cf. Gardner and Lewis 1996 . Additional differences are as follows While...
NGOs and civil society
Since the 1980s, non-governmental organizations NGOs have played growing roles in mainstream and alternative development projects, large and small.48 The reduction of the neoliberal state's social welfare programs, the sacking of intellectuals from downsized public universities and government agencies, and the crucial participation of civil society organizations in the democratization of countries in Africa, Latin America, and the formerly socialist countries, all fueled the NGO boom. The...
Anthropology and globalization
Globalization, even more so than development, is a protean term, with distinct connotations for different people, a moving target that is not the same from one day to the next or in different locations or social situations. Globalization, like capitalism and modernity, is a ''megatrope'' Knauft 2002 34 . ''For the executive of a multinational corporation,'' writes Nestor Garcia Canclini, 'globalization' includes principally the countries where he operates, the activities he directs, and the...
Acknowledgments
Our understanding of development and globalization owes much to conversations with interlocutors in Africa, Latin America, North America, and Europe - academics, students, farmers, activists, government officials, politicians, and NGO personnel. Portions of the Introduction draw on the editors' co-authored chapter, Development in A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics, edited by David Nugent and Joan Vincent Blackwell, 2004 . We are particularly indebted for helpful criticisms and...
Rethinking the critique of development anthropology
In sharp rebuttal to the development-anthropology history narrated above, a critique emerged in the early 1990s, and sparked counter-critiques. At the time, anthropologists such as Escobar 1991 urged us to look beyond development agencies' own benign rhetoric of ''increased concern with the poor'' in order to inquire more deeply into ''the social and cultural configuration that this improved 'concern' entailed for the poor,'' and also to recognize that it was the increased visibility of the...
From imperialism to dependency and the worldsystem
This section outlines the convergence of early-20th-century theories of imperialism with the radical analyses of dependency and underdevelopment that became influential in anthropology in the 1970s. It also examines how these radical understandings of dependency engaged mainstream paradigms, especially modernization'' approaches, and how dependency in turn became a target for the critiques of orthodox Marxist and historically minded anthropological theorists. Max Weber's concern with...
The Anthropology of Development and Globalization
From Classical Political Economy to Contemporary Neoliberalism Editorial material and organization 2005 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Marc Edelman and Angelique Haugerud to be identified as the Authors of the Editorial Material in this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, All rights reserved. No...
Part I Classical Foundations and Debates
1 Of the Accumulation of Capital, or of Productive and 2 Manifesto of the Communist Party 91 3 The Evolution of the Capitalistic Spirit 95 4 The Self-Regulating Market and the Fictitious Commodities Part II What is Development 20th-century Debates 105 5 The Rise and Fall of Development Theory 109 6 The History and Politics of Development Knowledge 126 Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard 7 Anthropology and Its Evil Twin Development in the Constitution Part III From Development to Globalization...